Valorization of Pongame Oiltree (Millettia pinnata) Seed and Seed Oil: A Promising Source of Phytochemicals and Its Applications

Pongame oiltree (Millettia pinnata) is one of the medicinal plants that are grown in humid subtropical climate zones. The seeds are the major source of furanoflavonoids karanjin and pongamol that exhibit anticancerous, antimicrobial, antipesticidal, antilarval, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. The seed oil also possesses antimicrobial properties due to the presence of unsaturated fatty acids namely linoleic, oleic, and linolenic acids. However, there is limited understanding of the mechanisms of action of Millettia pinnata seeds bioactive compounds. Thus, the review aims to describe the comprehensive information with special emphasis on seed and seed oil, the phytochemistry of compounds, the detailed pharmacological potential of phytocompounds, and their role in agri-food industries. As well, the bioactivity of seed and seed oil is explained in detail with their bioactive mechanisms. Millettia pinnata seed and seed oil contain a diverse range of phytochemicals, which vary based on factors such as geographic location, climate, and extraction method. The bioactive mechanisms of the phytochemicals in Millettia pinnata seed and seed oil are diverse, with some compounds acting by modulating key enzymes and signaling pathways, while others act by inducing cell death or inhibiting cell proliferation. Millettia pinnata seed and seed oil have potential applications in the agri-food industry, including as food additives and ingredients, and for their potential to improve the shelf life and nutritional value of food products. Overall, the detailed description of the bioactive mechanisms of the phytochemicals in these compounds adds to the current understanding of their potential therapeutic applications. This review explores its diverse phytocompounds, including karanjin and pongamol, known for insecticidal and medicinal properties. The plant’s alkaloids contribute to anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects. Pongamia oil has applications in skin care and even cancer treatment, with additional antibacterial and insecticidal benefits. This cost-effective oil finds uses in cosmetics. This review discusses seed composition, therapeutic uses, Ayurvedic applications, and the plant’s role in various activities, from anti-quorum sensing to antioxidation and anti-inflammation. It underscores the plant’s promising future in pharmaceuticals and agriculture. Graphical Abstract: (Figure presented.)